Part of the only prayer in Proverbs, Proverbs 30:7–9.
Quick answer
His reasons, and both of them are about God rather than about himself. Wealth might make him forget who God is; poverty might put God's name on a theft.
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⚑ ANCHOR UNIT. This passage is worked in full elsewhere; the catalog summarizes and points, and the member entries below are deliberately brief.
The only prayer in the book of Proverbs, and the man praying it has just finished saying he knows nothing. He asks for two things. The first is to be kept from falsehood. The second is to be given neither poverty nor riches, but the ration that belongs to him.
What makes it a prayer rather than an opinion about money is verse 9, where he gives his reasons, and both reasons are about God rather than about comfort. Too much and he will deny God and ask who the LORD is. Too little and he will steal, and stealing will drag God's name through it. He is not asking for a moderate lifestyle because moderation is admirable. He is asking to be spared the two situations in which he expects to fail. That is a man who knows himself, praying accordingly.
Two things the passage does not do. It does not make the middle a spiritual achievement, and it does not make wealth or poverty a verdict on anybody. Agur prays this about himself, in the first person, and prayers in the first person are not policies for other people. A person in poverty is not being told their situation is God's ideal, and 13:23 stands behind that: there is food in the fallow ground of the poor, and lack of justice sweeps it away.
What this verse contributes
The motive, which is what keeps the prayer from being about lifestyle. Both dangers are spiritual and neither is about being uncomfortable. Deuteronomy 8 describes the first one exactly, warning a nation that when they are full and settled their heart will be lifted up and they will forget the LORD. The second is subtler: the theft would be understandable, and Agur does not say otherwise, but he bears God's name and the theft would be attached to it.
The only occurrence of the divine name in this chapter is here, on the lips of a man imagining himself asking who the LORD is. That is where Agur locates his own worst case.
Related: Deuteronomy 8:11–14 · Proverbs 30:5 · Proverbs 6:30–31
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Go Deeper
If this verse has been used to put weight on you that it was never carrying, ask about it directly.